TR4.1541 “Ănd thís ŏn évery̆ gód cĕléstĭál
TR4.1542 Ĭ swére ĭt yów, ănd ék ŏn éch gŏddéssĕ,
TR4.1543 Ŏn évery̆ nýmphe ănd déĭte ínfĕrnál,
TR4.1544 Ŏn sátĭrý ănd fáwny̆ móre ănd léssĕ,
TR4.1545 Thăt hálvĕ góddĕs bén ŏf wíldĕrnéssĕ;
TR4.1546 Ănd Áttrŏpós my̆ thréd ŏf líf tŏbréstĕ
TR4.1547 Ĭf Í bĕ fáls! Nŏw trówĕ me íf yŏw léstĕ!

Line Information

• Differences among the manuscripts and editions:
• English translations (Windeatt: 1998): And I swear this to you on every celestial god, and on each goddess too, on every nymph and deity of the infernal regions, on satyrs and fauns, greater and less, that are demigods of the wilderness. And may Atropos break my life’s thread in two if I be false! Now believe me if you will!
• Japanese translations (Sasamoto: 2012): これを天上のすべての神々にかけて、貴方に誓います、そしてそれぞれの女神にも、すべての妖精と地獄の神にも、荒野の半神たちである大小のサテュロスとファウヌスにかけても、誓います。もしわたしが偽れば、女神アトロポスが命の糸を真二つに断ち切らんことを！さあどうかわたしを信じてください。
• Chinese translations (Fang: 1956): 这句话我可向你发誓，有的是天上男女神祇，地下魔王，山林水泽的大小仙子人羊，他们原是荒郊的半神，每一个都可为我作证，我若背盟，愿阿特洛波司剪断我的命线！你还能不相信我吗！

Word Information

• Etymology: OF&L
• Addresser: Criseyde
• Addressee: Troilus
• Adjectives with which juxtaposed: N/A
• Counterpart in its source (Fil): 4.146
• Noun(s) (NPs) modified: supernatural beings (deity)
• Attributive/ Predicative: predicative

Information in Previous Studies

• OED: (Quoted)
• MED: A. adj. 1. Of or belonging to the world or ‘regions’ below, i.e. to the realm of the dead in ancient mythology, or the abode of evil spirits in Jewish and Christian belief; of, pertaining or relating to, hell. (s.v. infernal, adj. and n.)

• Commented in other previous works:
• Windeatt (2003: 261): infernal: of the lower regions
• Fisher (1989): N/A
• Benson (1987): N/A
• Davis et al. (1979): (Quoted) from, of, the lower regions (s.v. infernal, adj.)
• Donaldson (1975): N/A
• Baugh (1963): N/A

Possible Definitions

of or belonging to the lower regions

Comments from the Editor

See my comment of ‘celestial’ (adj., Tr4.1541).