bitter adj.

  bitter
 TR4.708 Fŏr whích nŏ léngĕr mýghtĕ shé rĕstréynĕ
 TR4.709 Hĭr téerĭs, só thĕy gónnĕn úp tŏ wéllĕ,
 TR4.710 Thăt yávĕn sígnĕs óf thĕ bíttrĕ péynĕ
 TR4.711 Ĭn whích hĭr spírĭt wás, ănd móstĕ dwéllĕ,
 TR4.712 Rĕmémbry̆ng hír, frŏ héven ĭntó whĭch héllĕ
 TR4.713 Shĕ fállĕn wás, sy̆n shé fŏrgóth thĕ sýghtĕ
 TR4.714 Ŏf Tróĭlús, ănd sórwfŭllý shĕ síghtĕ. 

Line Information

  • Differences among the manuscripts and editions:
  • English translation (Windeatt: 1998): Then she could no longer hold back her tears — they welled up so — that signalled the bitter pain in which her spirit was, and must remain, remembering to herself from what heaven into what hell she had fallen, since she was losing the sight of Troilus, and she sighed sorrowfully.
  • Japanese translation (Sasamoto: 2012): そういうことで彼女はもう涙を抑えきれなくなり、涙が泉のようにあふれ出て、それが苦い苦痛の印をあらわした。霊魂はその中に留まらねばならないのだ。彼女は天国から地獄に落ちたことを自ら思い浮かべた。トロイルスの消息が分からなくなるからである。そして悲しげにため息をついた。
  • Chinese translation (Fang: 1956): 她眼里涌出泪来,遏止不住,可见她心头是何等悲痛;她从此再不能和特罗勒斯欢聚了,好比忽由天堂坠进了地狱,因此凄凄切切,叹息不已。

Word Information

  • Etymology: OE
  • Addresser: Narrator
  • Addressee: N/A
  • Adjectives with which juxtaposed: N/A
  • Counterpart in its source (Fil): N/A (‘martiro’ which is the counterpart of the ‘peyne’ here is not modified by any adjective, see 4.84, 3-4;)
  • Noun(s) (NPs) modified: suffering, sorrow or grief (Criseyde’s pain)
  • Attributive/ Predicative: attributive

Information in Previous Studies

  • OED: Not quoted
  • MED: Not quoted
  • Commented in other previous works:
  • Windeatt (2003): N/A
  • Fisher (1989): N/A
  • Benson (1987): N/A
  • Davis et al. (1979): Not quoted
  • Donaldson (1975): N/A
  • Baugh (1963): N/A

Possible Definitions

grievous, bitter

Comments from the Editor

Criseyde is surrounded by a crowd of ladies who have come to comfort her. However, they never know what has really saddened Criseyde. In the quotation above, we see a Criseyde who cannot stop crying and sighing, for she has to leave Troy and Troilus.